The method of choice to determine thermal conductivity in quality assurance for vacuum insulation is the method described in ISO 8301 and ASTM C518 based on steady-state heat-flow. For referencing this method, a calibration of the instrument with an official thermal conductivity standard reference material (SRM) or a transfer standard is neccessary. For the correct calibration, the standards ISO 8301 and ASTM C518 recommend reference materials, which are similar to the sample to be measrued in terms of their thermal transport properties. The question at this point is:
How Can the Thermal Conductivity of Vacuum Insulation Panels Best Be Determined, Considering That There is No Reference Material Available for Such Low Thermal Conductivities?
Introduction
The objective of manufacturers of vacuum-insulation panels (VIPs) is to achieve the best possible insulation effect in the least possible installation space. To illustrate the insulating properties of vacuum insualtion, a thickness comparison is often carried out with conventional glass wool insulation, polystyrene particle foam (EPS), extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) and/or polyurethane foams; the differences in thickness are significant.
There are numerous other ways, beyond their application as a construction material, of employing vacuum insulation as space-saving, highly efficient means of thermal insulation. Whether in the field of
- cold chain management,
- aerospace,
- medical technology,
- household appliances,
- etc.
Whenever it’s important to have the highest possible thermal insulation property within a small amount of space, vacuum insulation panels are the product of choice. Quality assurance of the thermal conductivity – the most important parameter of vacuum insulation – is therefore of particular importance.
Calibration of Heat-Flow-Meters with respect to the european product standards for thermal insulation materials and ISO 8301/ASTM C518.
For most insulating materials being used as construction materials today, there are relevant product standards available (e.g. DIN EN 13162 to DIN EN 13171), as well as standards for conformity assessment (DIN EN 13172) specifying quality assurance guidelines for insulating materials. The thermal conductivity is determined, for example, in accordance with ISO 8301 with a stationary method by means of a heat flow meter instrument. This is a method that determines the thermal conductivity of insulating materials with an accuracy of ±3% after calibration on an internationally recognized thermal conductivity reference material (NIST SRM 1450D or IRMM-440). The purpose of the calibration is to ensure that the heat-flow sensors of the instrument deliver precise results for the measuring range that is relevant for the samples. However – per ISO 8301, paragraph 2.4 – the calibration materials should possess thermal transport properties similar to those of the sample to be tested. In comparing the thermal resistance of a one-inch-thick NIST 1450D standard reference material at 20°C (0.8 m²K/W) to the thermal resistance of a vacuum-insulating panel of the same thickness, it can be seen that the thermal resistance of the VIP is eight times (!) higher than that of the reference
material. These can no longer be considered to be “similar thermal transport properties”. Heat-flow sensors – even those of very high quality – are to a certain extent non-linear in their measuring range, which is why a calibration is carried out for the heat flow range to be measured.
A legitimate question therefore is:
How can the thermal conductivity of vacuum insualtion panels (VIP) be determined if the properties of the available reference materials and those of the products to be measured are so different?
Is it a question of understanding heat-flow? Is it a question on prolonging measurement time?
One possibility would be to measure a vacuum insulation panel by means of absolute thermal conductivity methods (e.g. a guarded hot-plate method), determine its thermal conductivity and then calibrate with exactly that sample. It would then have to be ensured, however, that this internal reference material remains stable over a very long time and that the internal pressure of the vacuum insulation panel does not change, since ultimately, the stability of the calibration – according to European standards for insulating materials – must be checked daily and it must be documented that the calibration remains within a tolerance band of ±1%. We therefore should not only take the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance into account, but also start comparing the measurement conditions with each other. Wouldn’t it be more relevant, in terms of practice, to establish similarity of the measurement conditions and not similarity of the materials? This brings us to the approach which leads the VIP manufacturer to the desired results:
In our first approximation, let us look at the heat flow occurring in a vacuum insulation panel with a thickness of 20 mm at the time of the measurement with a mean test temperature of 14°C and a temperature gradient of 20 K. The consideration is based on the following equation:
with
λ = set value of the thermal conductivity in W/m·K
ΔT = temperature gradient during the measurement in K
d = thickness of the sample in m
This results in:
At the time of the measurement under the above-mentioned conditions, the heat flow in the sample amounts to 3.8 W/m². Let us now compare the heat flow which prevails in the referene material NIST 1450D under the above-mentioned conditions:
The heat flow during calibration – provided calibration is carried out under the same measurement conditions – is significantly higher, at ~25 W/m². In order to achieve an optimum result, one should take care that the heat flow for which the apparatus is calibrated is close to that of the material to be measured.
Determining the Conditions for an Alternative Calibration
How can the heat flow during calibration now be adjusted to the heat flow which is to be measured later? Changing the thickness of a reference material is only possible to a limited extent since the materials are only available in one thickness. One possibility would to be stack the reference samples for calibration, in order to increase the thermal resistance and thickness, respectively. Then one runs the risk, however, of creating undefined contact resistances between the samples in the stack, which again
results in increased measurement uncertainty.
To avoid this, the temperature gradient can be adjusted: We solve the above-mentioned equation for the gradient and, for a heat flow of 3.8 W/m², obtain:
According to this calculation, a temperature gradient of 3 K yields the same heat flow as for a VIP with a thickness of 20 mm and a gradient of 20 K at a mean temperature of 14°C. Hence, calibration of the guarded heat-flow apparatus should be carried out with a gradient of 3 K. ISO 8301 recommends, however, not selecting a gradient lower than 5 K during the measurement. This means that it is not only the calibration that needs to be adjusted, but also the method of measurement for quality assurance.
Higher Temperature Gradient in Quality Assurance Measurement
We therefore increase the gradient to 30 K:
and recalculate the calibration routine:
We obtain a quotient of 4.56 K and are thus already significantly closer to the minimally recommended temperature gradient for a heat-flow-meter system.
Verification of the Theory with a Practical Example
In order to substantiate the theory of adjusting the calibration to the actual heat flow, we look at a series of measurements on different vacuum insulation panels. First, figure 1 presents the results from a screening test on different thicknesses with the following parameters:
- Mean measurement temperature: 14°C
- Temperature gradient: 20 K
- Defined pressure: 17 kPa
- Calibration: calibration with standard reference material 1450D,
- Gradient: 20 K
It is shown in figure 2 how far apart the heat flows are from the measured output signals of the heat-flow meter during the measurement series and calibration. Recorded is the heat flow (in W/m∙K) above the output signal of the heat-flow meter (in μV). In order to determine the effectiveness of the method in detail, three classes of current heat flows were determined for individual thicknesses, and the instrument was re-calibrated with these.These three heat-flow classes are:
- 7.50 W/m²
- 5.00 W/m²
- 3.75 W/m²
This results in the following temperature gradients for the alternative calibration, calculated according to the above-mentioned equations:
- 1. 6 K
- 2. 4 K
- 3. 3 K
The minimum recommended gradient of 5 K was intentionally undershot in order to achieve the best possible accuracy and to explore the method’s abilities and limits.
After calibration of the instrument with an NIST 1450D standard reference material with gradients of 6 K, 4 K and 3 K, the comparison of the current heat flows of the measurement series and calibration looks like this:
Adjustment of the measurement parameters and adapted calibration yields the situation shown in figure 5. The parameters for the measurement were:
- Mean measurement temperature: 14°C
- Defined pressure: 17 kPa
- Temperature gradient:
- for 10-mm samples: 20 K
- for 20-mm samples: 30 K
- for 25-mm samples: 40 K
- for 35-mm samples: 40 K
- for 45-mm samples: 40 K
- Calibration: Underlying calibrations as appropriate for the current heat flow in the three classes mentioned above
Conclusion
The thermal conductivity of vacuum insulating panels (VIPs) can be reliably determined in quality assurance with means of a heat-flow-meter in accordance with ISO 8301 (or ASTM C518). The method is cost-efficient in comparison with other options, and the instrument is very easy to operate. By means of a heat-flow dependent calibration, a heat-flow meter can be very easily adapted for materials with differing thermal transport properties while the tests still remain 100% traceable to internationally recognized reference materials (even if these exhibit other thermal transport properties).
This method can – to a certain extent – also be applied to particularly thick or thin samples or to materials with higher thermal conductivity – always in combination with the adjustment of the equilibrium parameters of the heat-flow-method.
With an HFM 446-series guarded heat-flow meter by NETZSCH, it is possible to set user methods for various materials which are based on different calibrations. This allows for a wide variety of applications fields to be covered – or for a method to be adjusted so as to be a very close fit for a certain material. The measurements described were carried out with an HFM 446 Lambda Medium. This model is capable of going below the temperature gradient of 5 K which is prescribed as the minimum in the norms.
Alexander Frenzl has been employed in the Development Department at
NETZSCH Analyzing & Testing since 2005. In 2008, he became Head of the
Mechanical Development Department and, as such, has been involved
in the development of all NETZSCH instruments. Since 2014, Alexander
Frenzl has been the Business Segment Manager for Glass, Ceramics and
Building Materials and serves as an interface between our Development,
Sales and Marketing Departments. One of his focal points is industrial
quality assurance for insulating materials as well as the process optimization
during processing ceramics, especially with respect to new and more
efficient technologies.
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